This is a cue sheet for the Billion Year Walk, Riverwood Running / Walking Route. You can print it out for later use.
| Cumulative | Distance | Where | Notes | Direction | Elevation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0km | 0km | 1bya - DAWN OF MULTICELLULAR LIFE | Describe the route and time frame for the walk. Will be covering a billion years in ~5k Big organisms For the first time, life was not just made up of single cells. Now cells were teaming up to form larger organisms with things like mouths, limbs and sense organs. It's hard to say when this happened: there are fossils of large organisms dating back 2.1 billion years, but these may simply have been colonies of bacteria. Different groups of organisms probably evolved multicellularity independently, with plants managing it before animals. | NW | 293° | 0m |
| 0.3km | 0.3km | 900mya | Choanoflagellates evolve The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. As the name suggests, choanoflagellates (collared flagellates) have a distinctive cell morphology characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10 µm in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli. Movement of the flagellum creates water currents that can propel free-swimming choanoflagellates through the water column and trap bacteria and detritus against the collar of microvilli where these foodstuffs are engulfed. Choanoflagellates are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists studying the origins of multicellularity in animals. As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates serve as a useful model for reconstructions of the last unicellular ancestor of animals. | ESE | 103° | 0m |
| 0.4km | 0.2km | 850-635MYA - SNOWBALL EARTH | A frozen world Earth froze over again, twice, in the space of 200 million years. The ice may well have stretched all the way from the poles to the equator. This second Snowball period may have triggered the evolution of the first complex animals. The first complex organisms, weird tube- and frond-shaped things called the Ediacarans, appeared soon after. | SSW | 200° | 0m |
| 0.5km | 0.1km | 800mya | Sponges evolve. Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera meaning "pore bearer". They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls and produce sperm cells. Unlike other animals, they lack true tissues and organs, and have no body symmetry. | SSW | 201° | 0m |
| 0.6km | 0.1km | 780mya - Placozoans | The Placozoa are a basal form of invertebrate. They are the simplest in structure of all non-parasitic multicellular animals (Metazoa). They are generally classified as a single species, Trichoplax adhaerens, although there is enough genetic diversity that it is likely that there are multiple, morphologically similar species. Although they were first discovered in 1883 by the German zoologist, Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840-1921) and since the 1970s more systematically analyzed by the German protozoologist, Karl Gottlieb Grell (1912-1994), a common name does not yet exist for the taxon; the scientific name literally means "flat animals". | SW | 222° | 0m |
| 0.7km | 0.2km | 700mya | Cnidarians and Ctenophores evolve. Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pens); swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish); Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa, a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and has both sessile members, such as Hydra, and colonial swimmers, such as the Portuguese Man o' War. Ctenophora commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. Ctenophores also resemble cnidarians in having a decentralized nerve net rather than a brain. | WSW | 225° | 0m |
| 0.9km | 0.2km | 635mya - The Ediacaran Period | Since Darwin's time, the fossil history of life on Earth has been pushed back to 3.5 billion years before the present. Most of these fossils are microscopic bacteria and algae. However, in the latest Proterozoic — a time period now called the Ediacaran, or the Vendian, and lasting from about 635 to 542 million years ago* — macroscopic fossils of soft-bodied organisms can be found in a few localities around the world, confirming Darwin's expectations. | WNW | 272° | 0m |
| 1km | 0.1km | 600mya | Protostomes diverge from deuterostomes along a separate evolutionary line giving rise to worms, molluscs, insects and crustaceans. Protostomia (from Greek meaning "mouth first") are a clade of animals. Together with the deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla, they make up the Bilateria, mostly comprising animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. The major distinctions between deuterostomes and protostomes are found in embryonic development. | WNW | 282° | 0m |
| 1.1km | 0.1km | 542mya - THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION | Cambrian Explosion - a huge diversity of hard and soft animals left a rich fossil record around this time. It marked the start of a more discernible fossil record and a new era distinguishing itself from the previous "PreCambrian" era of vague timelines. Evolutionary leaps Soon after animals evolved, evolution went through two major growth spurts. In the Cambrian Explosion, it seems almost every group of modern animals appeared within tens of millions of years. This apparent 'explosion' may be partly down to better fossilisation, as many animals now had hard shells. Then 489 million years ago, each animal group expanded in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. | WNW | 275° | 0m |
| 1.2km | 0.1km | 500mya - Lamprey & Hagfish | Development of a skull without jaw or vertebrae takes place around this time. | WNW | 277° | 0m |
| 1.2km | 0km | 465mya - PLANTS COLONISE THE LAND | Out of the sea Some animals ventured onto land as far back as 500 million years ago, but they only visited briefly – perhaps to lay eggs in a place without predators. Plants were the first to take up permanent residence on land. The first land plants were relatives of green algae, but they rapidly diversified. | WNW | 276° | 0m |
| 1.3km | 0km | 460-430mya - THE FIRST MASS EXTINCTION | First mass extinction event, Ordovician ordeal The Ordovician period was a time when life flourished. But towards its end, the world cooled dramatically and ice sheets spread from the poles. The ensuing ice age is called the Andean-Saharan, because the evidence of it comes from the Andes mountains and the Sahara desert. The deep freeze led to the second-worst mass extinction on record, the Ordovician-Silurian. Most life was still confined to the sea, and 85% of marine species were wiped out. In the aftermath, fish became much more common. | W | 265° | 0m |
| 1.4km | 0.2km | 400mya | By this time we had many species of vertebrate fish-like ancestors living in the oceans that had evolved from Cartilaginous Shark/Ray like ancestors and jawless Craniates like Lamprey eels. | W | 265° | 0m |
| 1.5km | 0.1km | 375mya - FISH THAT WALK ON LAND | From fins to legs With plants well-established on land, the next step was for animals to move out of the water. Insects were among the first, around 400 million years ago. But they were followed soon after by big, backboned animals such as Tiktaalik, a fish that looked a bit like a salamander. Fish like Tiktaalik would eventually evolve four limbs, and give rise to amphibians, reptiles and mammals. It may be a good thing it left the water when it did, as soon afterwards the Late Devonian Extinction wiped out many marine animals, including some terrifying-looking armoured fish. | WNW | 281° | 0m |
| 1.6km | 0.1km | 320mya - DAWN OF THE REPTILES | Reptilian evolution When the first reptiles appeared, Earth was in the middle of a long cold snap called the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Reptiles evolved from newt-like amphibians. Unlike their ancestors they had tough, scaly skin and laid eggs with hard shells that did not have to be left in water. Thanks to these advantages, they quickly became the dominant land animals. The reptile-like Dimetrodon reached 4.5m long – but despite what you may have heard, it was not a dinosaur. | W | 255° | 0m |
| 1.6km | 0km | 300mya - PANGAEA | Supercontinent For the last time, all Earth's continents came together to form one giant supercontinent. Known as Pangaea, it was surrounded by a world-spanning ocean called Panthalassa. It lasted until 175 million years ago, when it began to tear itself apart over tens of millions of years. Its shattered remnants became the familiar modern continents. Lungfish evolve to breathe oxygen laden air that is changing the atmosphere to lay the path for terrestrial colonization of amphibians | NE | 38° | 0m |
| 1.8km | 0.2km | 252mya - THE GREAT DYING | Permian extinction Just as the reptiles were flourishing, life on Earth faced perhaps its greatest challenge. The Permian extinction was the worst mass extinction in the planet's history, obliterating up to 96% of marine species and similar numbers of land animals. We don't know for sure what caused it, but massive volcanic eruptions – creating what is now the Siberian Traps – may have been to blame. In the aftermath, the first dinosaurs evolved. | ENE | 67° | 0m |
| 1.9km | 0.1km | 220mya - HAIRY BEASTS | Hairy beasts At the same time that the dinosaurs were spreading and diversifying, the first mammals evolved. Their ancestors were reptiles called cynodonts, whose faces looked a little like those of dogs and may have had fur or whiskers. Early mammals such as Morganucodon were small and shrew-like, and probably only active at night. This may have spurred them to evolve warm-bloodedness: the ability to keep their body temperature constant. | ENE | 67° | 0m |
| 2km | 0.1km | 201mya - THE TRIASSIC EXTINCTION | Dinosaurs unleashed The dinosaurs were flourishing on land, and in the sea giant reptiles called ichthyosaurs had become the top predators. Then another disaster struck. We’re not sure what caused the Triassic extinction, but it killed off around 80% of species. In the aftermath, the dinosaurs became the dominant land animals and eventually reached titanic sizes. The biggest species whose mass is accurately known, Dreadnoughtus schrani, weighed about 59 tonnes. | ESE | 94° | 0m |
| 2.1km | 0.1km | 201mya | SE | 124° | 0m | |
| 2.2km | 0.1km | 160mya - THE FIRST BIRDS | Feathered flight Birds evolved from feathered dinosaurs – modern birds are essentially Velociraptors with beaks instead of snouts and wings instead of arms. The most famous early bird, Archaeopteryx, lived 150 million years ago. But in recent years slightly older fossils, such as Xiaotingia and Aurornis, have been found in China. | E | 86° | 0m |
| 2.3km | 0.1km | 130mya - FLOWER POWER | Plant revolution This may sound strange, but flowers are a recent invention. There have been land plants for 465 million years, yet there were no flowers for over two-thirds of that time. Flowering plants only appeared in the middle of the dinosaur era. The equally-familiar grasses appeared even more recently. The oldest fossil grasses are just 70 million years old, although grass may have evolved a bit earlier than that. | ENE | 66° | 0m |
| 2.4km | 0.1km | 65MYA - DEATH OF THE DINOSAURS | The fifth extinction Boom, you're extinct. 65 million years ago, a huge chunk of rock from outer space smashed into what is now Mexico. The explosion was devastating, but the longer-term effects were worse. Dust was thrown into the upper atmosphere and blocked out sunlight, and in the ensuing cold and darkness Earth suffered its fifth and last mass extinction. The dinosaurs were the most famous casualties, but pterosaurs and giant marine reptiles were also wiped out. | NE | 33° | 0m |
| 2.5km | 0km | 60-55mya - THE FIRST PRIMATES EVOLVE | Living in the trees Almost immediately after the dinosaurs were wiped out, mammals evolved the ability to nourish their young inside their wombs using a placenta, just like modern humans. Soon, some of these early placental mammals evolved into the first primates. They would ultimately give rise to monkeys, apes and humans. But the first ones were small creatures. The oldest known primate skeleton is of a species called Archicebus achilles, which weighed no more than 30 grams. They lived in the hot and humid rainforests of Asia. | NE | 33° | 0m |
| 2.5km | 0km | 32-25mya - SUPERCHARGED PLANTS | C4 photosynthesis Plants have been busily harnessing sunlight to make sugar for hundreds of millions of years – a process called photosynthesis. But fairly recently, some plants have found a better way to do it. C4 photosynthesis is far more efficient than normal photosynthesis, allowing C4 plants to cope with harsh conditions. Today scientists are trying to engineer rice to use C4 photosynthesis, to help feed the growing population. | E | 68° | 0m |
| 2.6km | 0km | 13-7mya - THE FIRST HOMINIMS | The road to humanity The first apes appeared in Africa around 25 million years ago. Then at some point, the group split into the ancestors of modern humans and the ancestors of modern apes. It's hard to say exactly when, but thanks to modern genetics and a host of fossil discoveries, we have a rough idea. The oldest known hominid was Sahelanthropus tchadensis, which lived about 7 million years ago. | ENE | 59° | 0m |
| 2.6km | 0km | 200kya - THE HUMAN RACE | The thinking ape Our species, Homo sapiens, is ridiculously young. We have only existed for a fifth of a million years. In that time we have expanded from our African birthplace to reach every continent, and even outer space. Our activities have precipitated the sixth mass extinction and unleashed the fastest episode of climate change in Earth's history. Yet we are also the only species that has ever managed to piece together the history of Earth. | NNE | 14° | 0m |
| 2.6km | 0km | NNE | 14° | 0m | ||